Mogroside â ¤ Inhibits M1 Polarization and Inflammation of Diabetic Mouse Macrophages via p38 MAPK/NF-Κb Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Mogroside V (MV) has anti-inflammatory properties. However, its impact on macrophage polarization under diabetic condition is yet unclear. This study aimed to investigate effects and underlying mechanisms of MV on inflammatory response and M1 polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from diabetic mice. METHODS: BMDMs were isolated from normal and diabetic C57BL/6 mice. LPS and IFN-γwere used to produce M1-polarized BMDMs. MV treatment was administered throughout the M1 polarization process with or without SB203580 or PDTC. Surface markers CD11b, F4/80 and CD86 of macrophages were identified using flow cytometry or immunofluorescence staining. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-6 and phosphorylation levels of p65 and p38 were examined by western blot. RESULTS: High glucose increased proportion of CD11b+F4/80+CD86+ cells, protein levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-6 and phosphorylation levels of p65 and p38 in LPS+IFN-γ-induced BMDMs, while they were decreased upon MV treatment. Additionally, these effects were further downregulated when MV was co-added with SB203580 or PDTC. CONCLUSIONS: MV suppressed M1 macrophage polarization and inflammatory response, which was partially through NF-κB and p38 MAPK in LPS+IFN-γ induced BMDMs under high glucose condition, implying the potential of MV in treatment for inflammatory complications of diabetes.

Sources and transport of CO2 in the karst system of Jiguan Cave, Funiu Mountains, China.

Conveyance and modification of carbon-isotope signals within the karst system remain difficult to constrain, due to the complexity of interactions between multiple components, including precipitation, bedrock, soil, atmosphere, and biota. Cave monitoring is thus critical to understanding both their transport in the karst system and dependence on local hydroclimatic conditions. Jiguan Cave, located in Funiu Mountain in central China, is representative of karst tourist caves with relatively thin epikarst zone. We conducted a comprehensive monitoring program of cave climate from 2018 to 2021 and measured δ13C during 2021 in monthly and heavy-rainfall samples of soil CO2, cave CO2, cave water (drip water and underground river), and underground river outlet. Our results demonstrate synchronous variations between CO2 concentration and δ13CCO2 in both soil and cave air on seasonal time scales. Cave pCO2 and carbon-isotope composition further exhibited a high sensitivity to human respiration with fluctuations of ~2000-3000 ppm within 4 days during the cave closure period in July 2021 without tourists. 13C-depleted isotopic signal of cave air in summer is the mixture of human respiration and soil CO2 which varies as a function of regional hydrological conditions of the summer monsoon during the rainy season with high temperatures and humidity. However, respired CO2 from the overlying soil was expected to be the only principal source of the cave CO2 when the anthropogenic CO2 source was removed. The high seasonal amplitude of cave air δ13CCO2 reflects ventilation dynamics, which leads to a prominent contribution from the external atmosphere during winter. Intriguingly, although the δ13C signal reflects complex vertical processes in the vertical karst profile, a heavy summer rainfall event was related to anomalously high δ13C values of cave water that can be utilized to interpret rainfall intensity and regional hydroclimate.

Smartphone usage behaviors and their association with De Quervain's Tenosynovitis (DQT)among college students: a cross-sectional study in Guangxi, China.

BACKGROUND: The growing prevalence of smartphone use among college students in China has led to health concerns, including De Quervain's Tenosynovitis (DQT). However, the specific smartphone usage behaviors contributing to DQT remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the relationship between smartphone usage behaviors and DQT in college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 937 students from various majors in Guangxi between September 2021 and April 2022. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing smartphone usage behaviors and their association with DQT. The Finkelstein test was employed to diagnose DQT. RESULTS: Over half of the college students (52%) tested positive for DQT via Finkelstein's test. Higher levels of smartphone usage time (6-8 h/day: OR = 4.454, 95%CI:1.662-12.229; ≥8 h/day: OR = 4.521, 95%CI:1.596-12.811), phone games (OR = 1.997, 95%CI:1.312-3.040), social media (OR = 2.263, 95%CI:1.795-3.833), and leisure activities (OR = 1.679, 95%CI:1.140-2.475) were significantly associated with an increased risk of DQT. Two specific gestures (Bilateral thumbs, BT: OR = 1.900, 95%CI:1.281-2.817; Bilateral thumbs-horizontal screen, BT-HS: OR = 1.872, 95%CI:1.244-2.818) and two screen sizes (5.0-5.5inch: OR = 2.064, 95%CI:1.108-3.846; 6.0-6.5inch: OR = 2.413, 95%CI:1.125-4.083) also exhibited a higher risk of DQT. Bilateral DQT was observed, with Gesture-BT identified as the primary risk factor. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that increased smartphone usage time, phone games, social media, and leisure activities elevate the risk of DQT among college students. Furthermore, two specific gestures and two screen sizes were also linked to a heightened DQT risk. To mitigate DQT development, college students should reduce smartphone usage time and adopt appropriate gestures.